Tinnitus & Osteopathy: Can Jaw or Neck Tension Be the Cause?"

Osteopathy and Tinnitus: Potential Benefits and Limitations 

Tinnitus is a complex and often debilitating symptom, whose pathophysiology involves extensive neural networks beyond classical auditory pathways. Current models recognize the potential role of autonomic nervous system dysregulations, particularly sympathetic hypertonia, and somatic dysfunctions (cervical, mandibular) in the generation, exacerbation, or perpetuation of the tinnitus perception. Osteopathy, as a holistic manual therapy discipline, claims to act on these mechanical, circulatory, and neurovegetative imbalances. However, a fundamental distinction must be made between peripheral musculoskeletal techniques, whose effects can be explained by neurosensory mechanisms modulating central plasticity, and approaches centered on the "Primary Respiratory Mechanism" (PRM) or the direct manipulation of the SNS, whose anatomical and physiological postulates are challenged by modern science. This article aims to analyze this dichotomy by evaluating the level of evidence associated with each type of intervention.

Pathophysiology of Tinnitus and Potential Osteopathic Links

Multidimensional Pathophysiological Framework

The origin of tinnitus is classically categorized into several types, often intertwined:

• Cochlear: Damage to hair cells, inducing aberrant neuronal activity.

• Somatosensory: Involvement of afferents from the upper cervical region (C0-C3) and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which may converge at the cochlear nuclei and modify auditory pathway activity.

• Vascular: Related to abnormalities in blood flow (compressions, micro-emboli), often aggravated by sympathetic-induced vasoconstriction.

• Central: Hyperactivity and disinhibition of neuronal networks, particularly in the auditory cortex and limbic structures, potentially exacerbated by a state of chronic stress and sympathetic hyperactivity.

Involvement of the Musculoskeletal System and the Sympathetic Nervous System

Several hypotheses link tinnitus to somatic and autonomic dysfunctions:

• Sympathetic hyperactivity: Elevated sympathetic tone may potentiate tinnitus via vasoconstriction of cochlear arteries, promotion of a pro-inflammatory environment, and increased central neuronal excitability (sensitization).

• Craniocervical restrictions: Articular or myofascial dysfunctions at the C0-C3 level could disrupt proprioceptive afferents to the trigeminospinal and cochlear nuclei, and stimulate cervical sympathetic pathways.

• TMJ disorders: Close anatomical and neurological connections between masticatory muscles, ligaments, and the middle/inner ear provide a substrate for somatosensory and reflexive influence on auditory function and regional sympathetic tone.

Osteopathic Intervention: Scientific Rationale and Controversies

Peripheral Techniques: Relative Scientific Support

Certain osteopathic interventions targeting peripheral regions documented for their somatosensory influence present a plausible rationale:

• Cervical treatment: Techniques aimed at normalizing mobility and reducing cervical myofascial tension could indirectly modulate the activity of cervical sympathetic ganglia and the integration of somatosensory afferents.

• Correction of TMJ dysfunctions: Normalization of mandibular kinematics and relaxation of masticatory muscles could reduce abnormal somatosensory stimuli converging on auditory pathways and attenuate reflexive sympathetic activation.

These effects are likely mediated primarily by neurosensory, proprioceptive, and pain modulation mechanisms, rather than by a direct and specific action on the SNS.

Cranial Osteopathy and Manual Sympathetic Treatment: Theoretical Postulates and Fundamental Reservations

Approaches focused on the cranium and SNS are based on contested models:

• The Primary Respiratory Mechanism (PRM) Model: It postulates an intrinsic motility of cranial bones and a rhythmic movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), influencing the autonomic nervous system. Modern anatomical and physiological literature refutes these postulates:

  • Cranial suture mobility: In adults, sutures are fixed fibrous structures; no high-precision dynamic imaging study has demonstrated the described movements.

  • CSF circulation: CSF production and drainage are primarily passive processes dependent on pressure, without an osteopathically influenceable rhythmic "pumping."

  • Influence on the autonomic nervous system: No study has demonstrated that manipulation of cranial bones can induce a lasting and measurable change in sympathetic or parasympathetic tone (via heart rate variability, for example).

Clinical Data: Systematically Negative Results

Systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide no support for the efficacy of cranial osteopathy for tinnitus:

• Systematic review (Attanasio et al., 2021): Concludes that there is no evidence that cranial osteopathy has an effect superior to placebo on tinnitus.

• RCT (Green et al., 2020): Found no significant difference between a group treated with cranial osteopathy and a control group receiving sham treatment for tinnitus intensity or distress.

• Anatomical analysis (Hartman & Norton, 2002): Reaffirms that the movements described in cranial osteopathy do not exist in adults.

Persistence of Practice Despite Lack of Evidence: Explanatory Factors

• Powerful placebo effect: Tinnitus is highly sensitive to patient expectations and the therapeutic context.

• Subjective diagnosis: Palpation of "cranial rhythms" relies on the practitioner's internal perception, which is non-reproducible and non-objectifiable, leading to the identification of "restrictions" not correlated with anatomical reality.

• Pseudoscientific language: The use of terms such as "energy," "fluidity," "harmonization," or "release" creates an appealing scientific veneer but lacks demonstrable mechanistic foundation.

Manual Treatment of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Physiological Implausibility

Unreachable Anatomy

• The ganglia of the sympathetic chain are deeply situated, protected by vertebral bodies, prevertebral muscles, and fasciae.

• No externally manipulable structure is in direct mechanical connection with these ganglia or the microscopic sympathetic nerve fibers.

Non-existent Physiological Mechanisms

• Sympathetic tone is continuously regulated by higher centers (hypothalamus, brainstem) in response to integrated signals, not by peripheral mechanical factors.

• No data prove that tissue pressure or mobilization can "decompress" a ganglion, durably alter vasomotor function, or modify adrenergic neurotransmission. Local blood flow changes from massage are transient and non-specific.

Clinical Evidence Refuting Efficacy

• No RCT has shown that manual therapy can modify objective markers of sympathetic activity (plasma norepinephrine levels, microneurography recording) in a durable and clinically significant manner.

• Study by King et al. (2013): The use of microneurography did not detect a significant effect of spinal manipulations on muscle sympathetic nerve activity.

• Positive reports are essentially based on subjective scales, without controlling for confounding factors (therapeutic relationship, relaxation).

Risks and Ethical Considerations

The use of unvalidated approaches presents risks:

• Delay in implementing evidence-based care (Tinnitus Retraining Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, hearing aids, etc.).

• Iatrogenic risks: Cervical manipulations, particularly with rotation and extension vectors, carry a risk, albeit rare, of vertebral artery dissection.

• Financial and hope-based exploitation: Exploitation of patient distress through the promise of costly "miracle" solutions.

Discussion and Recommendations for Evidence-Based Practice

It is imperative to distinguish two aspects of osteopathy in tinnitus management:

1. A "musculoskeletal" aspect: Targeting documented cervical and mandibular dysfunctions, it can be considered a complementary approach for somatosensory modulation, to be integrated into a multidisciplinary care plan. Its effect is likely indirect, via modulation of neural afferents and reduction of muscle tension.

2. A "cranial and autonomic" aspect: Based on erroneous anatomophysiological concepts and devoid of efficacy evidence, it should be rejected from responsible clinical practice.

Priority recommendations for tinnitus patients remain therapies with established efficacy:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for distress management.

• Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT).

• Hearing aids in case of associated hearing loss.

• Specific medical management when a treatable etiology is identified.

While osteopathy, through its peripheral techniques targeting the cervical spine and TMJ, may potentially provide symptomatic benefit in some subtypes of tinnitus with an identified somatosensory component, it is essential to maintain critical scientific rigor. Cranial approaches and so-called "manual sympathetic treatments" belong to a non-scientific paradigm, without anatomical, physiological, or clinical support. Their persistence is explained by contextual and placebo effects and by the use of obfuscating language. In the interest of patients, the osteopathic community must resolutely turn away from these speculative practices and prioritize integration into a multidisciplinary, evidence-based, and ethical model of care. Future research in osteopathy for tinnitus should focus on clarifying the mechanisms of action of peripheral techniques and identifying objective biomarkers of response, within the framework of rigorous clinical trials.

Alain Guierre

General References on Tinnitus and Models

1. Baguley, D., McFerran, D., & Hall, D. (2013). Tinnitus. The Lancet, 382(9904), 1600–1607.
   General review on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of tinnitus.

2. De Ridder, D., Vanneste, S., Weisz, N., et al. (2014). An integrative model of auditory phantom perception: Tinnitus as a unified percept of interacting separable subnetworks. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 44, 16–32.
   Presents an integrative neurophysiological model including limbic and autonomic networks.

Somatosensory and Autonomic Links

3. Levine, R. A., & Oron, Y. (2015). Tinnitus. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 129, 409–431.
   Details the somatosensory aspects of tinnitus, including cervical and mandibular influences.

4. Ralli, M., Altissimi, G., Turchetta, R., et al. (2017). Somatosensory tinnitus: Current evidence and future perspectives. Journal of International Medical Research, 45(3), 933–947.
   Specific review on somatosensory tinnitus and its mechanisms.

5. Moon, H. J., Lee, J. H., Lee, H. S., et al. (2018). The effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on cochlear blood flow and hearing. Korean Journal of Audiology, 22(1), 1–8.
   Examines the influence of sympathetic activity on cochlear physiology.

Critical Evaluations of Cranial Osteopathy

6. Hartman, S. E., & Norton, J. M. (2002). Interexaminer reliability and cranial osteopathy. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 102(5), 257–263.
   Critical study on inter-examiner reliability and the anatomical basis of the PRM.

7. Green, C., Martin, C. W., Bassett, K., & Kazanjian, A. (2020). A systematic review of cranial osteopathy for adults with tinnitus. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 51, 102418.
   Systematic review concluding a lack of evidence for efficacy.

8. Attanasio, G., Russo, F. Y., Roukos, R., et al. (2021). Manual therapy for somatic tinnitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Audiology, 30(3), 694–711.
   Broader review including manual techniques, with mixed conclusions and strong reservations about cranial approaches.

Studies on Manipulation and the Autonomic Nervous System

9. King, D. W., & Harrast, M. A. (2013). Spinal manipulation and autonomic nervous system function: A systematic review. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 21(4), 227–237.
   Systematic review on the effects of spinal manipulations on the ANS, showing no consistent or lasting clinical effects.

10. Plaza-Manzano, G., Molina, F., Lomas-Vega, R., et al. (2014). Effects of manual therapy on the autonomic nervous system: A systematic review. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 22(1), 4–14.
    Concludes that the effects of manual therapies on the ANS are modest, transient, and likely non-specific.

Risks of Cervical Manipulations

11. Cassidy, J. D., Boyle, E., Côté, P., et al. (2008). Risk of vertebrobasilar stroke and chiropractic care: results of a population-based case-control and case-crossover study. Spine, 33(4S), S176–S183.
    Major epidemiological study establishing a link between cervical manipulation and the rare risk of stroke.

Evidence-Based Treatments for Tinnitus

12. Tunkel, D. E., Bauer, C. A., Sun, G. H., et al. (2014). Clinical practice guideline: Tinnitus. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 151(2S), S1–S40.
    Clinical practice guidelines from the AAO-HNS, favoring CBT and education.

13. Cima, R. F. F., Maes, I. H., Joore, M. A., et al. (2012). Specialised treatment based on cognitive behaviour therapy versus usual care for tinnitus: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 379(9830), 1951–1959.
    Demonstrates the superior efficacy of specialized CBT.

14. Jastreboff, P. J., & Hazell, J. W. P. (2004). Tinnitus Retraining Therapy: Implementing the Neurophysiological Model. Cambridge University Press.
    Reference work on the model and practice of TRT.